National Immunisation Strategy For Australia 2025–2030
部长前言
从全球范围来看，澳大利亚疫苗接种普及率仍保持较高水平，但我们仍需进一步努力，提升社区民众对免疫接种的信任、理解与接纳，从而提高整体接种率。
- 进一步聚焦公平性建设，保障原住民、托雷斯海峡岛民等重点人群的接种服务可及性；
- 完善疫苗大规模投放的应急储备与处置能力；
- 充分挖掘疫苗新技术的应用价值；
- 在全医疗体系内扩大免疫项目覆盖范围（包含各州及地方政府资助的免疫项目）；
- 深化社区沟通，提升民众免疫接种接纳度，强化全民健康科普；
- 重点加强免疫从业人员队伍建设；
- 优化数据利用效率，精准制定免疫策略、量化监测工作成效。
卫生与老龄事务部长
残障事务及国家残障保险计划部长
执行摘要
国家免疫规划重点覆盖疫苗可预防疾病重症高风险群体，包括婴幼儿、原住民与托雷斯海峡岛民、老年群体、慢性病患者及孕产妇。澳大利亚成功实现脊髓灰质炎、麻疹、风疹本土传播清零，充分印证了国家免疫规划的实施成效，也凸显了完善的疾病监测与疫情应急响应机制的重要意义。
本战略与世界卫生组织《2030 免疫议程》目标高度契合。结合各类国家级健康建设举措，本战略将助力区域医疗水平与免疫质量提升，全面强化全球公共卫生安全与重大疫情应急储备能力。
《2025–2030 国家免疫战略》六大重点工作领域
- 完善免疫接种服务可及性，重点保障原住民、托雷斯海峡岛民及其他重点人群的接种公平性。
- 增进社区共识，全面提升民众对免疫接种的信任、理解与接纳。
- 优化数据运用模式，精准制定免疫策略、常态化监测工作成效。
- 全面加强免疫接种从业人员队伍建设。
- 运用前沿技术，适配传染病流行特征与疫苗产业的发展变革。
- 推进疫苗项目治理、服务供给与问责机制的可持续改革。
本战略为澳大利亚以免疫助力全民健康发展，提供完整实施框架。
指导原则
公平性
重点人群既包含易感染疫苗可预防疾病、易发展为重症的高危群体，也涵盖长期遭受系统性健康歧视的社群。
- 原住民与托雷斯海峡岛民
- 老年人群
- 婴幼儿与儿童
- 孕产妇
- 传染病重症或感染高风险临床人群
- 多元文化及语言背景群体
- 性少数群体
- 残障人士
- 精神疾病患者
- 养老机构与残障福利机构居住人员
- 乡村、偏远及边远地区居民
- 物质滥用受害群体
- 无家可归人群
- 监所羁押人员
- 社会经济困难群体
- 难民、寻求庇护者及新移民
- 疫苗服务获取能力不足人群
优势发展理念
数据驱动
着眼未来
协同共建
公众咨询工作广泛收集各界机构、个人意见，全面整合社区公共卫生与疾病预防视角。
后续战略落地阶段，将持续联动原住民、托雷斯海峡岛民组织等社区机构，深化协同合作。
引言
研究背景
- 针对性应对新冠、猴痘、日本脑炎等新发公共卫生威胁，成功落地各地区专项疫苗接种计划；
- 2020 年起，扩大流感疫苗免费接种范围，覆盖所有 6 月龄至 5 岁以下儿童；
- 2020 年，将 B 型脑膜炎疫苗纳入原住民婴幼儿免费接种清单，针对性降低该群体高发疾病风险；
- 2021 年，为原住民成年群体及慢性病高危人群增补肺炎球菌疫苗剂次，优化老年人群疫苗接种流程，落实重点人群定制化疾病预防策略；
- 2023 年，将人乳头瘤病毒疫苗由两剂次调整为单剂次接种，并将免费补种年龄上限延长至 25 岁，依据最新医学证据持续优化国家免疫规划；
- 2021 年起，强制要求接种机构向澳大利亚免疫登记系统，上报新冠疫苗、日本脑炎疫苗及所有全生命周期规划疫苗接种数据，提升数据质量，强化疾病监测与应急处置能力；
- 2023 年启动全国儿童免疫宣传专项行动，提振民众常规疫苗接种信心，树立主动预防的健康理念；
- 2023 年升级扩建带状疱疹疫苗接种项目，为免疫功能低下等更多人群提供防护；
- 持续维持脊髓灰质炎、麻疹、风疹本土传播清零成果，充分印证国家免疫规划的有效性，以及完善疾病监测、疫情应急处置的重要价值；
- 在澳大利亚免疫登记系统增设孕期免疫接种信息录入模块，依托数据联动，稳步推进孕产妇疫苗接种监测工作。
- 原住民与托雷斯海峡岛民；
- 多元文化及语言背景社区居民；
- 孕产妇；
- 老年群体；
- 残障人士。
新冠疫情反思
澳大利亚联邦政府联合各州及地方政府，开展针对性全民接种行动。各地通过大型接种中心、一万余家基层医疗机构协同发力，全面保障疫苗服务可及性。
疫情期间，药剂师全面获批成为新冠疫苗接种人员，也为后续药剂师参与常规规划疫苗接种服务奠定基础。
政府组建专项咨询委员会，吸纳基层亲历者参与研讨，精准排查问题、定制优化方案。未来各类疫苗接种项目，应持续借鉴本次社区协同、全民参与的成功经验。
同时，疫情也为疫苗采购、物流调配积累宝贵经验，可全面完善未来重大疫情应急储备体系。整合疾病监测、接种覆盖率、社会行为调研等多维度数据，将大幅优化未来传染病防控决策质量。
澳大利亚疫苗可预防疾病与免疫接种现状
2000 年，世界卫生组织正式认证澳大利亚无脊髓灰质炎本土病例；2014 年起，澳大利亚持续阻断麻疹本土传播；2018 年，实现风疹本土传播清零。
破伤风、白喉、水痘、脑膜炎，以及 B 型流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌、脑膜炎奈瑟菌引发的重症疾病，在澳大利亚发病率均维持低位。
但流感、新冠、呼吸道合胞病毒等呼吸道传染病仍会周期性暴发，其中呼吸道合胞病毒为新增疫苗可预防疾病。维持高水平疫苗接种覆盖率，尤其是重症高危人群的接种率，是长效防控各类传染病的核心。
原住民与托雷斯海峡岛民儿童数据为：1 岁 90%，2 岁 89%，5 岁 95%。
麻疹 – 腮腺炎 – 风疹三联疫苗两剂次接种率，是衡量免疫体系运行质量的核心指标，2024 年该指标表现欠佳：全国 2 岁儿童覆盖率 93%，原住民同龄儿童仅 91%。
1 岁、2 岁、5 岁儿童 95% 的疫苗覆盖率，是阻断麻疹等高传染性疾病传播的硬性标准。
男性群体差距更大，全国男性接种率 82%，原住民男性低至 75%。
为达成澳大利亚宫颈癌消除战略目标，2030 年前，全国 15 岁青少年人乳头瘤病毒疫苗接种率需稳定达到 90% 以上。
国家免疫规划采用全生命周期疫苗防控理念。近年来，政府持续加大投入，新增多项免费疫苗，覆盖青少年、成年群体、原住民成人、孕产妇及各年龄段慢性病高危人群。
新增项目包括全国青少年 ACWY 群脑膜炎疫苗、成人肺炎球菌疫苗优化方案，以及重组非活性带状疱疹疫苗的普及与适用人群扩容。
养老机构流感疫苗接种率整体偏低，亟需针对性专项优化举措。
全球疫苗可预防疾病与免疫接种形势
另一方面，疫情期间全球儿童常规疫苗接种率下降，叠加疫苗项目大面积中断、民众接种意愿降低等多重因素，共同加剧传染病反弹。
错过适龄疫苗接种的儿童长期缺乏免疫保护，各国正全力推进补种工作，力争全面提升各年龄段疫苗覆盖率。
尽管麻疹疫苗接种率逐步回升，但全球需达到 95% 的群体免疫水平才能有效阻断疫情暴发，而多数国家尚未达标。
受此影响，全球麻疹疫情暴发规模与频次持续增加。
澳大利亚所属的世界卫生组织西太平洋区域，麻疹两剂次疫苗平均覆盖率约 90%，但部分国家覆盖率不足 50%。
区域内 15 岁女孩人乳头瘤病毒单剂次疫苗平均覆盖率仅 32%，与世卫组织 2030 年 90% 的发展目标差距悬殊。
医疗体系薄弱、经济发展受限、医护人才短缺、公共机构信任危机、虚假信息泛滥、疫苗分配不公等问题，成为全球公共卫生领域的长期隐患。
澳大利亚必须全面强化重大疫情、区域性传染病输入的应急储备能力，联动助力区域及全球医疗体系建设。
政策背景
依托深化合作、共同决策，缩小差距专项改革致力于壮大原住民社区医疗服务机构、优化政府公共服务模式、完善数据共享机制，助力社区科学制定健康决策。
相关政策鼓励乡村、偏远地区医疗服务创新，加大对原住民社区医疗机构的资金投入，完善基层公共卫生服务。
《2025–2030 国家免疫战略》编制工作
公众咨询
本次咨询累计收到超 2000 份有效意见提案，涵盖普通民众、公益机构、原住民组织、政府部门、科研院校等多方主体。
官方整合分析所有公众意见，形成专项调研报告，为战略重点领域与核心目标制定提供重要依据。
专家咨询小组
小组结合当下免疫工作发展机遇与现实难题，提供全方位专业建议，指导战略全内容编制，推动建立科学循证的发展目标。
证据整合研究
愿景与使命
使命：普及安全、高效、公平的全生命周期免疫服务，提升疫苗接种覆盖率，降低疫苗可预防疾病危害
重点工作领域
保障全年龄段、全民群体优质疫苗覆盖率，是《2025–2030 国家免疫战略》愿景与使命落地的核心基础。
重点领域一：完善免疫接种服务可及性，重点保障原住民、托雷斯海峡岛民及其他重点人群的接种公平性
A. 深化社区合作，排查接种阻碍，协同定制优化接种服务方案
联动社区与重点人群，精准掌握接种难点，定制针对性举措，提升疫苗接种率。政府免疫项目重点聚焦传染病重症高危群体，但此类人群接种率仍有待提升，成年慢性病患者问题尤为突出。
多方协作、共同决策是解决问题的核心。例如 2021 年，亨特新英格兰地区卫生服务中心组建原住民疫苗专项委员会，结合本地实际制定方案，有效提升原住民新冠疫苗接种率。
该模式充分证明，依托原住民自主管理、社区定制化服务、文化适配医疗模式，能够有效拓宽疫苗服务覆盖范围，为常态化免疫工作提供参考范本。
养老机构老年人群新冠疫苗低覆盖率，是疫情期间的突出隐患，本战略周期内，将重点优化养老机构常规疫苗服务供给。
同时，需进一步深化研究，全面排查各类重点人群的接种阻碍因素。
灵活多元的疫苗接种与资金保障模式，能够有效缩小接种差距。疫情期间，皇家飞行医生服务机构为偏远地区提供上门疫苗接种，企业专场接种、自驾接种点、临时社区门诊等新模式全面普及，打通服务最后一公里。
原住民社区医疗机构结合本地需求，打造多元化接种服务，同步开展健康科普宣传，成效显著。
澳大利亚长期设定儿童 1 岁、2 岁、5 岁 95% 的疫苗覆盖率目标，青少年人乳头瘤病毒疫苗覆盖率目标为 90%，目标适用于全体民众与原住民群体，与国家预防健康战略、宫颈癌消除战略保持统一。
依托人口统计数据落实考核目标，是检验全战略实施成效的核心标准。
当前全球麻疹、白喉等传染病再度流行，疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎病毒持续传播，唯有全面实现公平、高水平接种，才能筑牢防控防线。
新版战略将优化升级考核体系，在原有儿童疫苗指标基础上，新增成年人群接种考核内容，倒逼服务优化、消除认知误区。
针对流感、带状疱疹、脑膜炎等疫苗制定循证发展目标，全面强化全民疾病防护。
后续将结合战略实施规划，扩充现有疫苗考核指标，强化各级政府与合作机构的履职问责。
重点领域二：提升社区对免疫接种的信任度、认知水平与接纳程度
A. 深化社区联动，筑牢信任基础，普及免疫价值，打击虚假信息
公众信任是疫苗接纳的核心。与接种服务同理，不同社区、个体的接种顾虑存在显著差异。提升疫苗接纳度，需全面了解民众认知误区、健康观念，同时综合考量社会文化、公共制度等多重影响因素。
为重建全民信任，世卫组织建议强化全民谣言抵御能力，完善负面舆情应急处置机制。
社区、医护机构、政府部门、科研院校需协同发力，共同修复医疗体系公信力，提升疫苗认可度。
社区与重点人群协同合作，能够有效优化疫苗项目质量、提升实施效果。
原住民群体协同决策机制，已纳入《缩小差距国家协议》重点改革任务。其中，原住民社区医疗机构是社区科普、提升疫苗接纳度的核心载体。
新冠原住民咨询小组为联邦政府提供专业建议，充分印证了社区合作的重要价值。
联动残障机构、行业协会、专业医疗组织、消费者代表等多方主体，能够进一步完善政策规划，打造高质量免疫服务体系。
完善社区免疫宣传项目的监测与评估机制，保障重点人群科普工作落地见效。
澳大利亚国家审计署曾提出，需强化全国疫苗宣传活动的覆盖面量化考核，卫生部门已采纳该建议，后续将围绕考核指标定期公示工作成效。
借鉴世卫组织疫苗社会行为驱动框架、定制化免疫项目工具，结合澳大利亚疫苗阻碍评估量表，精准研判问题，因地制宜优化方案。
民众信任的医护人员主动推荐，是影响个人接种决策的核心因素。
提升医护人员专业自信，助力其妥善解答民众顾虑、科学推荐疫苗，能够有效提升接种意愿。
反之，负面就医体验、歧视性行为，会严重削弱医疗体系公信力。
调研显示，多数助产士缺乏孕期疫苗沟通专项培训；部分医护人员对疫苗添加剂、多疫苗同时接种的安全性存在认知误区。
完善疫苗专项培训，助力医护人员输出统一、精准的健康建议；培育社区疫苗宣传骨干，全面提升全民疫苗认知水平。
重点领域三：强化数据应用，精准制定免疫策略、动态监测实施成效
A. 完善澳大利亚免疫登记系统数据完整性、时效性与透明度，保障数据质量与实用价值
澳大利亚依托接种覆盖率、疾病监测数据，常态化监管国家免疫规划与新冠疫苗项目运行情况。
大数据技术的升级，让多维度整合分析疫苗服务覆盖范围、实施成效与现存短板成为可能。但当前免疫登记系统的数据质量、更新速度、信息透明度仍有较大提升空间。
尽管 2021 年起，全生命周期规划疫苗已强制要求录入免疫登记系统，但部分群体、部分疫苗的数据漏报、数据质量偏低问题依旧存在。
基层医疗机构依托完善的数据工具，可持续优化服务质量，稳步提升区域接种率。
为提升信息透明度、强化公众信任，可对免疫登记系统脱敏数据进行公开，打造全生命周期疫苗覆盖率实时交互看板。
美国疾控中心已上线全国疫苗数据查询平台，按年龄、剂次、种族、孕产状态等维度，可视化展示各地接种数据。
澳大利亚可借鉴该模式，同步公开疫苗可预防疾病监测数据、社会行为调研信息。
国内现有成熟参考案例：国家免疫研究与监测中心每周更新流感疫苗实时数据，按年龄、地域、原住民身份分类公示，具备良好推广基础。
推动免疫数据与社会医疗、疾病监测、疫苗安全数据库常态化联动、及时上报，全面评估疫苗项目成效、安全风险与实际影响，为重点人群定制化施策提供支撑。
数据联动分析也证实，单剂次人乳头瘤病毒疫苗与多剂次防护效果基本一致。
但目前，数据联动优势尚未全面融入日常项目监测与评估。
澳大利亚联邦制治理模式导致各州数据库、管理体系存在差异，数据联动难度较大，国家级大数据平台的建设，正逐步破解这一难题。
现阶段是战略升级、全面扩容数据联动与数据分析能力的最佳时机。
为从容应对下一轮重大疫情，澳大利亚需搭建一体化数据分析体系，实时整合传染病监测、疫苗接种、住院诊疗、微生物检测、基因测序等多维度数据。
日本脑炎、猴痘等新发疫情，凸显了跨领域协同防控的必要性，需联动医疗、环境、生态、气候、动物防疫数据，完善一体化监测。
多数据融合分析，也能助力精准研判抗生素耐药性发展趋势；疫苗通过减少感染发病、降低抗生素使用，是应对耐药性危机的重要手段。
优化数据联动机制、强化数据分析能力，能够全面提升疫苗项目监管水平，完善传染病长效防控与应急处置体系。
疫苗安全数据是维持全民接种信任、保障接种率的核心。澳大利亚拥有全球领先的疫苗安全监测体系，被动监测与主动监测机制成熟完善。
新冠疫情充分暴露了现有体系的优化空间，需新增多元化监测手段，实时捕捉安全风险信号。
借鉴欧美、北欧国家成熟经验，建立疫苗与不良反应关联数据分析机制，全面提升疫苗安全评估质量。
强化疫苗安全研究，优化风险沟通，及时向公众科普利弊信息。
重点领域四：全面加强免疫接种从业人员队伍建设
A. 将免疫接种全面融入全生命周期预防性医疗服务
医护人员与居民、家庭的每一次诊疗接触，都是开展疫苗科普、推进接种服务的良好契机。
将疫苗接种系统性纳入基层诊疗、孕期保健及重点人群医疗服务，是常态化防控的关键。
结合医疗人才紧缺现状，充分盘活现有医护资源、优化人员配置，具有重要现实意义。
澳大利亚需统筹推进免疫服务多场景融合，同步系统性解决人才缺口问题。
合理放宽专业医护人员执业范围，充分释放人才服务能力。社区药房能够有效提升偏远地区疫苗可及性，是基层服务的重要补充。
统一全国药房疫苗接种品类标准，培训专业药剂师，可进一步缩小接种服务差距。
强化残障人群服务技能培训，为各类重点人群提供文化适配、安全优质的医疗服务。
统一全国培训标准，完善文化认知、残障关怀相关课程，全面打造标准化、高素质免疫服务人才队伍。
加大原住民医护人员培训力度，能够有效提升文化适配医疗服务供给。
为原住民医护从业者提供灵活定制化的疫苗专项培训，强化服务能力与职业自信。
扩充原住民医疗从业人员规模、完善岗位保障，是提升全民文化医疗适配性的关键举措。
医疗改革专项报告明确提出，需加大原住民社区医疗机构扶持力度，充分发挥其社区公信力优势，完善基层公共卫生服务。
新冠疫情暴露了跨区域人才调配的制度壁垒，凸显了应急人力储备规划的重要性。
大规模疫苗接种大幅考验常规医护承载力。依托全国统一的免疫培训资质认证体系，实现各州接种人员跨区域调配。
放宽原住民医护人员、社区医疗工作者的应急执业范围，允许其在重大公共卫生事件期间开展疫苗接种，全面扩充应急服务队伍。
免疫服务不只是简单的疫苗接种。专业人才队伍建设，需同步培育多领域复合型人才，涵盖：
- 数据联动、数据管理与数据分析
- 流行病学调研
- 传染病模型推演
- 病原体基因深度检测
- 社会行为科学研究
- 公共卫生风险沟通
新冠疫情充分证明，多学科协同发展，是落实传染病防控、推动医疗技术融合应用的必要条件。
重点领域五：运用前沿技术，适配传染病流行特征与疫苗产业的发展变革
A. 强化政府疫苗项目储备能力，依托新技术保障新型疫苗快速落地
未来数十年，新发传染病、跨物种流行病的暴发频次将持续增加。
气候变化、人口增长、跨境出行、土地开发、野生动物栖息地破坏，共同加剧人畜共患病传播风险，其中多数疾病可通过疫苗有效预防。
完善疫情前置监测、源头防控，在大规模疫苗接种需求出现前阻断传播，是国家应急规划的核心内容。
多领域协同发展模式，与国家健康气候战略等国家级规划高度契合。
全球公共卫生体系在新冠疫情中暴露储备不足、物资短缺等问题，疫情期间疫苗分配不均、区域接种差距显著。
未来新型疫苗投放，需优先聚焦原住民、养老机构老人等重点人群，提前制定专项方案。
完善疫情应急储备，需同步强化疾病监测、地理信息数据分析，深入研究低接种率的社会行为诱因，精准施策。
新冠疫情加速疫苗技术研发迭代，多项新型技术从实验室研究快速落地全民普及。
技术革新持续推动新型疫苗研发，越来越多传染病实现疫苗可防可控。
澳大利亚需建立常态化前瞻监测机制，主动追踪重大公共卫生威胁、传染病流行病学变化、新型疫苗病种、前沿研发技术动态。
前沿疫苗技术与研发方向包括：
- 呼吸道病毒联合疫苗
- 新型结核病、疟疾疫苗
- 微阵列贴片式接种技术
- 信使核糖核酸技术拓展应用（禽流感、丙型肝炎、诺如病毒等）
科技创新是未来疫情防控的核心支撑。澳大利亚科研实力雄厚，论文产出远超经合组织国家平均水平。
立足长远规划、拥抱前沿技术，需全面扶持本土免疫科研项目，打通疫苗从实验室研发到临床应用的完整转化链条。
完善产业融合机制，联动高校与企业，加速科研成果落地，建立疫苗产品转化考核标准。
- 多元化疫苗储备体系
- 提前布局本土多技术路线疫苗生产线
- 危机来临前完善物流配送规划
澳大利亚正逐步搭建本土新型疫苗生产线，自主生产能力是国家公共卫生安全的核心战略储备。
本土疫苗产能的完善，能够弥补过往技术落地滞后的短板，补齐高端医疗产业短板。
持续保障本土疫苗制造能力，是提升全国公共卫生韧性、从容应对未来疫情的关键举措。
重点领域六：推进疫苗项目治理、服务供给与问责机制的长效改革
A. 深化联邦与地方政府协同治理，完善常规疫苗与应急疫苗项目落地机制
澳大利亚免疫项目治理体系完善但架构复杂，各级政府、相关机构分工明确、权责交叉。
基础疫苗合作协议明确了免疫项目资金拨付、服务统筹、成效考核的核心规则。
定期优化协议内容、完善监测评估、开展阶段性复盘，能够全面提升国家免疫规划运行质量。
完善利益相关方协作机制，强化社区代表在治理架构中的话语权，全面提升协同治理效能。
部分新型医疗产品需要定制化监管法规与行业合作模式，医疗技术评估政策优化，可减少审批壁垒，助力新技术快速普及。
- 疫苗咨询委员会：为卫生部长、药品管理局提供疫苗安全、质量、有效性的独立医疗与科学建议
- 澳大利亚健康防护委员会：统筹全国公共卫生防护重点工作，牵头免疫领域发展规划
- 澳大利亚免疫技术咨询小组：针对国家免疫规划政策、项目运行及各类免疫问题，为卫生部长提供专业建议
- 澳大利亚传染病协作网络：统筹全国传染病监测与应急处置，协调疫苗类防控举措
- 地方免疫协调专员：负责各州规划疫苗、地方专项疫苗项目落地管理，对接基层接种机构
- 药物福利咨询委员会：评估疫苗临床价值与成本效益，审核疫苗纳入国家免费规划的申请
- 医疗用品管理局：澳大利亚国家级医疗监管机构，负责疫苗等医疗产品的审核、评估与全周期监管
2021 年，澳大利亚政府临时推出新冠疫苗专项无过错补偿计划，为接种后出现中重度不良反应的人群提供保障。
英国、新西兰、美国、日本、韩国等国家，已建立覆盖全品类疫苗的长效伤害补偿体系。
该机制的核心原则：疫苗整体安全性极高，严重不良反应极为罕见；政府为接种后确诊严重不良反应的人群提供补偿，回馈全民接种的社会贡献，全面提升公众疫苗信心。
本战略周期内，澳大利亚将结合新冠疫苗补偿项目经验与国际先进案例，探索建立覆盖全部规划疫苗的长效无过错补偿体系。
疫情推动疫苗采购流程公开化，免疫专业委员会工作受到广泛关注。
对标国际先进机构，公开会议纪要、决策流程、政策参考资料，全面提升治理透明度。
吸纳更多行业机构、专业组织参与政策研讨，进一步优化协作模式。
新冠疫情倒逼政府出台多项应急举措，全国新冠疫苗接种项目投入巨额财政资金。
常规规划疫苗由联邦统一采购，各州负责物流配送、落地实施与数据上报；而新冠疫苗项目由联邦全流程统筹管理。
后续新冠疫苗项目将逐步转型为常态化运营模式，全面整合疫情防控经验，优化常规免疫项目管理。
依托《2025–2030 国家免疫战略》实施规划，统一全国疫苗项目监测评估标准，强化公共资金使用效益，完善全民问责体系。
全球互联互通背景下，疫情风险无国界，澳大利亚无法独善其身。
强化全球公共卫生贡献，包括依托区域健康合作项目，助力亚太国家完善免疫规划、传染病监测、疫情防控体系。
帮扶周边国家升级医疗体系、培育医护人才，能够全面强化区域疫情储备与全球公共卫生安全。
《2025–2030 国家免疫战略》实施规划
实施规划由联邦、州、地方政府协同统筹，搭建全维度行动支撑体系，配套监测评估方案，逐项考核各重点领域战略目标落地进度，同步制定全新量化发展指标。
本战略为全民健康愿景落地提供完整框架，全面助力澳大利亚以免疫建设推动全民健康升级。
致谢
感谢专家咨询小组成员无偿奉献时间与专业能力，为战略编制提供全方位指导。
感谢所有参与公众咨询的机构、社会组织与个人，积极建言献策。
感谢各国家级专业委员会参与战略研讨、审核与修订工作，包括：
- 养老事务咨询小组
- 澳大利亚健康防护委员会
- 澳大利亚传染病协作网络
- 原住民健康防护分委会
- 全国原住民社区医疗服务组织
- 澳大利亚免疫技术咨询小组
参考文献
1 Ruff T, Taylor K & Nolan T.Australia’s contribution to global immunisation.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 2012;36;564-69
2 World Health Organization. Immunization Agenda 2030: a global strategy to leave no one behind.April 2020.Available from https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/defaultsource/immunization/strategy/ia2030/ia2030-draft-4 – wha_b8850379-1fce-4847-bfd1 -5d2c9d9e32f8 .pdf?sfvrsn=5389656e_69&download=true.Accessed 29 July 2024
3 Australian National Audit Office.Australia’s COVID-19 vaccine rollout.August 2022. Available from https://www.anao.gov.au/work/performance-audit/australia-covid-19-vaccine-rollout.Accessed 27 July 2024
4 Basseal JM, Bennett CM, Collignon P et al. Key lessons from the COVID-19 public health response in Australia. Lancet Regional Health Western Pacific 2023;30:100616 . doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100616
5 Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation.Australian Immunisation Handbook. Canberra:Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care; 2024. Available from immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au
6 National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance. History of immunisation in Australia. June 2024.Available from https://ncirs.org.au/health-professionals/historyimmunisation-australia.Accessed 30 July 2024
7 Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care &Australian Centre for Disease Control. Poliovirus Detection Outbreak Response Plan for Australia. June 2024. Available from https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/2024-06/poliovirus-detectionoutbreak-response-plan-for- australia-2024 .pdf.Accessed 30 July 2024
8 Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation.Australian Immunisation Handbook. Measles. October 2023.Available from https://immunisationhandbook.health. gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable- diseases/measles.Accessed 30 July 2024
9 Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. Rubella officially eliminated from Australia. October 2018.Available from https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hongreg-hunt-mp/media/rubella- officially-eliminated-from-australia.Accessed 30 July 2024
10 Patel C, Dey A, Wang H et al. Summary of national surveillance data on vaccine preventable diseases in Australia, 2016-2018: final report. Communicable Diseases Intelligence (2018) 2022;46 . doi:10 .33321/cdi.2022.46.28
11 Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. Current coverage data tables for all children.April 2024.Available from https://www.health.gov.au/topics/ immunisation/immunisation-data/childhood- immunisation-coverage/current-coverage-data-tables-for-all-children.Accessed 21 June 2024
12 Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. Current coverage data tables for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children.April 2024.Available from https:// www.health.gov.au/topics/immunisation/immunisation-data/childhood-immunisationcoverage/current-coverage-data-tables-for-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-children. Accessed 21 June 2024
13 Annualised data as at 30 June 2024,Australian Immunisation Register,Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care.
14 Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. Human papillomavirus(HPV) immunisation. May 2024.Available from https://www.health.gov.au/topics/ immunisation/immunisation-data/human- papillomavirus-hpv-immunisation-data.Accessed
30 July 2024
National Immunisation Strategy For Australia 2025–2030 42
15 Australian Centre for the Prevention of Cervical Cancer. National Strategy for the Elimination of Cervical Cancer in Australia. November 2023.Available from https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023- 11/national-strategy-for-the-eliminationof-cervical-cancer-in-australia.pdf.Accessed 21 June 2024
16 Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. COVID-19 vaccine rollout. June 2024.Available from https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/2024-06/covid-19-vaccine-rollout-update-14-june- 2024.pdf.Accessed 21 June 2024
17 Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. Residential aged care residents influenza vaccination rates. June 2024.Available from https://www.health. gov.au/resources/publications/residential- aged-care-residents-influenza-vaccinationrates?language=en Accessed 1 July 2024
18 Feinmann J.Analysis reveals global post-covid surge in infectious diseases. BMJ 2024;385:q1348 . doi:10 .1136/bmj.q1348
19 Kaur G, Danovaro-Holliday MC, Mwinnyaa G et al. Routine vaccination coverage – worldwide, 2022. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2023;72:1155-61
20 Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. Eight things you need to know about the state of global immunisation. July 2023.Available from https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/eight-thingsyou-need-know-about-state-global- immunisation.Accessed 21 June 2024
21 World Health Organization & United Nations Children’s Fund. Estimates of national immunization coverage: WUENIC trends. June 2024.Available from https://worldhealthorg. shinyapps.io/wuenic-trends/.Accessed 24 July 2024
22 World Health Organization Western Pacific. Immunization program data: regional and country profiles 2022. 2022.Available from https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/374369/9789290619802-pt2-eng.pdf.Accessed 21 June 2024
23 World Health Organization. Implementing the Immunization Agenda 2030: a framework for action through coordinated planning, monitoring & evaluation, ownership & accountability, and communications & advocacy. 2021.Available from https://cdn.who.int/ media/docs/default- source/immunization/strategy/ia2030/ia2030_frameworkforactionv04. pdf?sfvrsn=e5374082_1&download=true.Accessed 21 June 2024
24 World Health Organization Western Pacific Region. Field Guide for Preparedness and Response to Diphtheria Outbreaks in the Western Pacific Region. 2023.Available from https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/368048/9789290619925-eng.pdf?sequence=1 . Accessed 1 July 2024
25 Daanoy S. WHO raises concerns over measles, pertussis. Manila Bulletin.April 2024. Available from https://mb.com.ph/2024/4/5/who-raises-concerns-over-measles-pertussis. Accessed 1 July 2024
26 Sirleaf EJ & Clark H. The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness & Response. Transforming or tinkering? Inaction lays the groundwork for another pandemic. May 2022. Available from https://theindependentpanel.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Transformingor-tinkering_Report_Final.pdf.Accessed 27 June 2024
27 Australian Government Department of Health. National Preventive Health Strategy2021–2030. 2021.Available from https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/ documents/2021/12/national-preventive-health- strategy-2021-2030_1.pdf.Accessed
7 June 2024
National Immunisation Strategy For Australia 2025–2030 43
28 Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. The new National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Plan 2021–2030. December 2021.Available from https://www.health.gov.au/topics/aboriginal- and-torres-strait-islander-health/howwe-support-health/health- plan?utm_source=health.gov.au&utm_medium=callout-autocustom&utm_campaign=digital_transformation.Accessed 26 June 2024
29 Joint Council on Closing the Gap. National Agreement on Closing the Gap. 2020. Available from https://www.closingthegap.gov.au/national-agreement/national-agreement-
closing-the-gap.Accessed 24 June 2024
30 Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. Strengthening Medicare Taskforce Report. December 2022.Available from https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-02/strengthening- medicare-taskforce-report_0.pdf.Accessed 30 May 2024
31 Australian Centre for Disease Control. What we do. February 2024 .Available from https://www.cdc.gov.au/about/what-we-do.Accessed 24 June 2024
32 Clark K, Crooks K, Jeyanathan B, et al. Highlighting models of Indigenous leadership and self-governance for COVID-19 vaccination programmes.AlterNative:An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples 2024;20:250-58 . doi:10 .1177/11771801241235418
33 Graham S, Blaxland M, Bolt R et al.Aboriginal peoples’ perspectives about COVID-19 vaccines and motivations to seek vaccination: a qualitative study. BMJ Global Health2022;7:e008815 . doi:10 .1136/bmjgh- 2022-008815
34 Aitken Z, Emerson E & Kavanagh AM. COVID-19 vaccination coverage and vaccine hesitancy among Australians with disability and long-term health conditions. Health Promotion Journal of Australia 2023;34:895 – 902. doi:10 .1002/hpja.691
35 Carter J, Rutherford S & Borkoles E. COVID-19 vaccine uptake among younger women in rural Australia. Vaccines (Basel) 2021;10:26 . doi:10 .3390/vaccines10010026
36 Allen K, Lambert SB,Yuen A. et al. Factors associated with COVID-19 booster vaccine willingness among migrants from the Eastern Mediterranean living in Australia: a crosssectional study. BMC Public Health 2022;22:2205 . doi:10 .1186/s12889-022-14608-5
37 Kaufman J, Tuckerman J & Danchin M. Overcoming COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: can Australia reach the last 20 percent? Expert Review of Vaccines 2022;21:159-61
38 Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care.Aged care providers with low Covid-19 vaccination rates have been identified. June 2024.Available from https:// www.health.gov.au/ministers/the- hon-anika-wells-mp/media/aged-care-providers-with-lowcovid-19-vaccination-rates-have-been- identified?language=en.Accessed 15 July 2024
39 Gardiner FW, Schofield Z, Hendry M et al.A novel COVID-19 program, delivering vaccines throughout rural and remote Australia. Frontiers in Public Health 2023;
17:1019536 . doi:10 .3389/fpubh.2023.1019536
40 Australian Government. National Partnership on Essential Vaccines. 2021.Available from https://federalfinancialrelations.gov.au/sites/federalfinancialrelations.gov.au/files/2021- 01/essential_vaccines_np.pdf.Accessed 24 June 2024
41 Kinsman J, Stöven S, Elgh F et al. Good practices and challenges in addressing poliomyelitis and measles in the European Union. European Journal of Public Health 2018;
28:730-34
National Immunisation Strategy For Australia 2025–2030 44
42 World Health Organization. Message by the Director of the Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals at WHO – January 2024. January 2024.Available from https:// www.who.int/news/item/31-01-2024- message-by-the-director-of-the-department-ofimmunization–vaccines-and-biologicals-at-who—january-2024 .Accessed 27 June 2024
43 Feldman AG, O’Leary ST & Danziger-Isakov L. The risk of resurgence in vaccinepreventable infections due to coronavirus disease 2019 – related gaps in immunization. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2021;73:1920-23 . doi:10 .1093/cid/ciab127
44 Australian Government Department of Health. National Immunisation Strategy for Australia 2019–2024 . 2018.Available from https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/ national-immunisation-strategy-for- australia-2019-2024_0.pdf.Accessed 29 July 2024
45 Dubé E, Leask J, Wolff B et al. The WHO Tailoring Immunization Programmes (TIP) approach: review of implementation to date. Vaccine 2018;36:1509-515 . doi:10 .1016/j. vaccine.2017.12.012
46 Lazarus JV, White TM, Wyka K et al. Influence of COVID-19 on trust in routine immunization, health information sources and pandemic preparedness in 23 countries in
- Nature Medicine 2024;30:1559-63 . doi:10 .1038/s41591-024-02939-2
47 World Health Organization. Vaccination and trust: how concerns arise and the role of communication in mitigating crises. 2017 Available from https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/ default- source/documents/publications/vaccines-and-trust78f2bc69-8a27-4657-9b2d-13d3075da41d.pdf?sfvrsn=b71b557d_1&download=true.Accessed 27 July 2024
48 Thomas S, Durrheim D, Islam F et al. Improved childhood immunization coverage using the World Health Organization’s Tailoring Immunization Programmes guide (TIP) in a regional centre in Australia. Vaccine 2022;40:18-20 . doi:10 .1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.067
49 Thomas S, Paden V, Lloyd C et al. Tailoring immunisation programs in Lismore, New South Wales – we want our children to be healthy and grow well, and immunisation really helps. Rural and Remote Health 2022;22:6803 . doi:10 .22605/RRH6803
50 World Health Organization. Immunization Agenda 2030. Core Principle Annex: Partnerships. 2021.Available from https://www.immunizationagenda2030.org/ images/documents/BLS20116_IA_Global_strategy_document_Core_Principles_001_partnership_001.pdf.Accessed 12 June 2023
51 Crooks K, Casey D & Ward JS. First Nations peoples leading the way in COVID-19 pandemic planning, response and management. Medical Journal of Australia 2020;
213:151-52 . doi:10 .5694/mja2 .50704
52 Quinn A, White A,Abbatangelo-Gray J et al. COVID-19 communication campaigns for vaccination: an assessment with perspectives for future equity-centered public health efforts. Journal of Health Communication 2023;28(sup1):54-66 . doi:10 .1080/10810730 .2023.2208529
53 Nyhan B & Reifler J. Does correcting myths about the flu vaccine work?An experimental evaluation of the effects of corrective information. Vaccine 2015;33:459-64 . doi:/10 .1016/j. vaccine.2014.11.01
54 Wild A, Kunstler B, Goodwin D et al. Communicating COVID-19 health information to culturally and linguistically diverse communities: insights from a participatory research collaboration. Public Health Research and Practice 2021;31:e3112105
National Immunisation Strategy For Australia 2025–2030 45
55 Australian National Audit Office. Improving immunisation coverage. September 2021. Available from https://www.anao.gov.au/work/performance-audit/improving-immunisationcoverage.Accessed 31 May 2024
56 Attwell K, Hannah A & Leask J. COVID-19: talk of‘vaccine hesitancy’ lets governments off the hook. Nature 2022;602 . doi:10 .1038/d41586-022-00495-8
57 National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance. The National Vaccination Insights project – national surveillance of drivers of under-vaccination in Australian children aged under 5 years. November 2023.Available from https://ncirs.org.au/vaccinationinsights-project-national-surveillance-drivers-under- vaccination-australian-children. Accessed 12 June 2024
58 World Health Organization. Behavioural and social drivers of vaccination: tools and practical guidance for achieving high uptake. 2022.Available from https://iris.who.int/ handle/10665/354459.Accessed 30 July 2024 59 Kaufman J, Tuckerman J, Bonner C et al. Development and validation of the Vaccine Barriers Assessment Tool for identifying drivers of under-vaccination in children under five years in Australia. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2024;20
60 Leask J, Kinnersley P, Jackson C et al. Communicating with parents about vaccination: a framework for health professionals. BMC Pediatrics 2012;12:154 . doi:10 .1186/1471 -2431-12-154
61 Abdi I, Bolsewicz K, Bullivant B et al. Understanding the factors that influence communication about COVID- 19 vaccines with patients: Perspectives of Australian immunisation providers. Vaccine X 2023;14:100304 . doi:10 .1016/j.jvacx.2023.100304
62 Migrant & Refugee Health Partnership – Migration Council Australia. Integrating culturally, ethnically and linguistically diverse communities in rapid responses to public health crises: policy brief. March 2021.Available from https://culturaldiversityhealth.org.au/ wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Integrating-CALD-communities-in- rapid-responses-to-public-health-crises-MRHP.pdf.Accessed 12 June 2024
63 Giles ML, Krishnaswamy S, Coote W et al. Factors associated with early versus late uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy over time in Australia: a populationbased cohort study. Vaccines 2023;11:1713. doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11111713
64 Homaira N, He WQ, McRae J et al. Coverage and predictors of influenza and pertussis vaccination during pregnancy: a whole of population-based study. Vaccine 2023;41:6522 -29. doi:10 .1016/j.vaccine.2023.09.008
65 Kaufman J,Attwell K, Hauck Y et al. Vaccine discussions in pregnancy: interviews with midwives to inform design of an intervention to promote uptake of maternal and childhood vaccines. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2019;15:2534-43 . doi:10 .1080/21645515.2019.1607131
66 Leask J, Quinn HE, Macartney K et al. Immunisation attitudes, knowledge and practices of health professionals in regional NSW.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 2008;32:224-9 . doi:10 .1111/j.1753-6405.2008.00220.x
67 Dubé E, Laberge C, Guay M et al. Vaccine hesitancy: an overview. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2013;9:1763-73 . doi:10 .4161/hv.24657
68 Sharing Knowledge About Immunisation. Empowering immunisation conversations.
2024.Available from https://skai.org.au/healthcare-professionals.Accessed 12 June 2024
National Immunisation Strategy For Australia 2025–2030 46
69 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccine Information Statements (VISs). December 2023.Available from https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/index.html. Accessed 12 June 2024
70 Tuckerman J, Blyth CC, Beard FH et al. COVID-19 and changes in the National Immunisation Program: a unique opportunity to optimise the Australian Immunisation Register (AIR). Medical Journal of Australia 2021;214:247-49 .e1 . doi:10 .5694/mja2 .50971
71 Dalton LG, Meder KN, Beard FH et al. How accurately does the Australian Immunisation Register identify children overdue for vaccine doses?A national cross-sectional study. Communicable Diseases Intelligence (2018) 2022;46 . doi:10 .33321/cdi.2022.46.10
72 National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance. Exploratory analysis of the first 2 years of adult vaccination data recorded on AIR. November 2019.Available from
https://ncirs.org.au/sites/default/files/2019- 12/Analysis%20of%20adult%20vaccination%20 data%20on%20AIR_Nov%202019.pdf.Accessed 14 June 2024
73 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. VaxView. March 2024.Available from https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vaxview.Accessed 14 June 2024
74 National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance. Influenza vaccination coverage data. June 2024.Available from https://ncirs.org.au/influenza-vaccinationcoverage-data.Accessed 14 June 2024
75 Liu B, Stepien S, Dobbins T et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination against COVID-19 specific and all- cause mortality in older Australians: a population based study. Lancet Regional Health Western Pacific 2023;40:100928 . doi:10 .1016/j. lanwpc.2023.100928
76 Liu B, Gidding H, Stepien S et al. Relative effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination with
3 compared to 2 doses against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) among an Australian population with low prior rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vaccine 2022;40:6288-94
77 Brotherton JML, Budd A, Rompotis C et al. Is one dose of human papillomavirus vaccine as effective as three?A national cohort analysis. Papillomavirus Research 2018;8:100177 . doi:10.1016/j.pvr.2019.100177
78 Eitelhuber T, Ngeh S, Bloomfield L et al. Using data linkage to monitor COVID-19 vaccination: development of a vaccination linked data repository. International Journal of Population Data Science 2022;5:1730 . doi:10 .23889/ijpds.v5i4 .1730
79 Lloyd LK, Nicholson C, Strange G et al. The burdensome logistics of data linkage in Australia – the example of a national registry for congenital heart disease.Australian Health Review 2024;48:8-15 . doi:10 .1071/AH23185
80 Australian Bureau of Statistics. Person Level Integrated Data Asset (PLIDA).Available from https://www.abs.gov.au/about/data-services/data-integration/integrated-data/personlevel-integrated-data- asset-plida.Accessed 28 June 2024
81 Australian Government Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. National Health Data Hub. 2024.Available from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports- data/nhdh#:~:text=The%20 National%20Health%20Data%20Hub%20(NHDH)%2C%20formerly%20the%20 National,territory%2C%20and%20Commonwealth%20data%20sources.Accessed
28 June 2024
82 Vaccines designed to reduce antimicrobial resistance. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2024;102:378-79 . doi:10 .2471/BLT.24.020624
National Immunisation Strategy For Australia 2025–2030 47
83 Jansen KU &Anderson AS. The role of vaccines in fighting antimicrobial resistance(AMR). Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2018;14:2142-49 . doi:10 .1080/21645515 .2018.1476814
84 Hanson KE, Goddard K, Lewis N et al. Incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination in the Vaccine Safety Datalink. JAMA Network Open2022;5:e228879 . doi:10 .1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.8879
85 Copland E, Patone M, Saatci D et al. Safety outcomes following COVID-19 vaccination and infection in 5.1 million children in England. Nature Communications 2024;15:3822 . doi:10 .1038/s41467-024-47745-z. Erratum in Nature Communications 2024;15:5723 . doi:10.1038/s41467-024-50151-0
86 Karlstad Ø, Hovi P, Husby A et al. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and myocarditis in a Nordic cohort study of 23 million residents. JAMA Cardiology 2022;7:600-612 . doi:10 .1001/ jamacardio.2022.0583
87 Global Vaccine Data Network.About us.Available from https://www. globalvaccinedatanetwork.org/aboutus.Accessed 14 June 2024
88 Top KA, Chen RT, Levy O et al.Advancing the science of vaccine safety during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and beyond: launching an international network of special immunization services. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2022;75(Suppl
1):S11-S17 . doi:10 .1093/cid/ciac407
89 Advisory Committee on the Health Emergency Response to COVID-19 for People with Disability. Lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2023.Available from https:// www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-06/lessons-learned-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-advisory-committee-on-the-health-emergency-response-to-covid-19-for-people-with-disability_0.pdf.Accessed 29 May 2024
90 Australian Government Department of Health. National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Workforce Strategic Framework and Implementation Plan 2021–2031.
2022.Available from https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/2022/03/ national-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-health-workforce-strategic-framework-and-implementation-plan-2021-2031.pdf.Accessed 11 July 2024
91 Bunnell R, Ryan J & Kent C. Toward a new strategic public health science for policy, practice, impact, and health equity.American Journal of Public Health 2021;111:1489-96 . doi:10.2105/AJPH.2021.306355
92 Jones K, Patel N, Levy M et al. Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature 2008;451990-93 . doi:10 .1038/nature06536
93 Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. National Health and Climate Strategy. December 2023.Available from https://www.health.gov.au/our-work/ national-health-and-climate-strategy.Accessed 17 July 2024
94 The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness & Response. COVID-19: Make it the last pandemic. 2021.Available from https://theindependentpanel.org/wp-content/ uploads/2021/05/COVID-19-Make-it-the-Last- Pandemic_final.pdf.Accessed 3 June 202495 Holden R & Leigh A. The race that stopped a nation: lessons from Australia’s Covid vaccine failures. Oxford Review of Economic Policy 2022;38 . doi:10 .1093/oxrep/grac028
96 Harris E. Combined COVID-19, flu vaccine candidate headed to Phase 3 trials. JAMA 2023;330:2044 . doi:10 .1001/jama.2023.22353
National Immunisation Strategy For Australia 2025–2030 48
97 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Game changers: 5 global vaccine innovations on the horizon.April 2023.Available from https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2023/ game-changing-vaccine-developments.Accessed 3 June 2024
98 London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Microarray patches safe and effective for vaccinating children.April 2024.Available from https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/ news/2024/microarray-patches- safe-and-effective-vaccinating-children.Accessed
19 June 2024
99 Penn Medicine. World-changing mRNA vaccines from Penn Medicine.Available from https://www.pennmedicine.org/mrna#.Accessed 19 June 2024
100 Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations. Global consortium plans coordinated human challenge studies in hunt for transmission-blocking coronavirus vaccines. March
2024.Available from https://cepi.net/global-consortium-plans-coordinated-humanchallenge-studies-hunt-transmission-blocking-coronavirus.Accessed 19 June 2024
101 Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations. CEPI seeks to fund new innovations for broad protection against Ebola and other deadly Filoviruses. June 2024.Available from https://cepi.net/cepi-seeks-fund-new- innovations-broad-protection-against-ebola-andother-deadly-filoviruses.Accessed 19 June 2024
102 Waters-Lynch J. Why can’t Australia make mRNA vaccines? Because we don’t make enough‘deep technology’ companies. September 2021.Available from https:// theconversation.com/why-cant-australia- make-mrna-vaccines-because-we-dont-makeenough-deep-technology-companies-166013 .Accessed 20 June 2024
103 CSIRO. Strengthening Australia’s pandemic preparedness.Available from https://www.csiro.au/en/work- with-us/services/consultancy-strategic-advice-services/ csiro-futures/health-and-biosecurity/strengthening- australias-pandemic-preparedness. Accessed 3 June 2024
104 Federal Financial Relations. Essential vaccines.Available from
https://federalfinancialrelations.gov.au/agreements/essential-vaccines.Accessed
20 June 2024
105 Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. Health Technology Assessment Policy and Methods Review. 2024.Available from https://www.health.gov.au/ our-work/health-technology-assessment- policy-and-methods-review.
Accessed 19 June 2024
106 Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. COVID-19 Vaccine Claims Scheme. December 2023.Available from https://www.health.gov.au/our-work/ covid-19-vaccine-claims-scheme.Accessed 27 June 2024
107 Attwell K, Drislane S & Leask J. Mandatory vaccination and no fault vaccine injury compensation schemes:An identification of country-level policies. Vaccine 2019;37:2843-48
108 Wood N, Macartney K, Leask J et al.Australia needs a vaccine injury compensation scheme: upcoming COVID-19 vaccines make its introduction urgent. September 2020. Available from https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/coronavirus/australia-needs-a-vaccineinjury-compensation-sche.Accessed 20 June 2024
109 Fairgrieve D, Rizzi M, Kirchhelle C et al. No-fault compensation schemes for COVID-19 vaccines: best practice hallmarks. Public Health Reviews 2023;44:1605973 . doi:10 .3389/ phrs.2023.1605973
National Immunisation Strategy For Australia 2025–2030 49
110 Commonwealth of Australia. Senate Select Committee on COVID-19: Final Report.
2022.Available from https://parl info.aph.gov.au/parl Info/download/committees/ reportsen/024920/toc_pdf/Finalreport.pdf;fileTyp e=application%2Fpdf.Accessed
20 June 2024
111 UK Government. Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation.Available from https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/joint-committee-on-vaccination-and-immunisation. Accessed 20 June 2024
112 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Meeting Information. 2024.Available from https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/ acip/meetings/index.html.Accessed 20 June 2024
113 Australian Government Indo-Pacific Centre for Health Security. Partnerships for a Healthy Region. 2023.Available from https://indopacifichealthsecurity.dfat.gov.au/ partnerships-healthy-region.Accessed 17 July 2024
Hits: 2